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The trumpeters are a family of birds restricted to the humid forests of the Amazon and Guiana Shield in South America. They are named for the trumpeting or cackling threat call of the males. The three species resemble chickens in size; they measure 45 to 52 centimetres (18 to 20 inches) long and weigh 1 to 1.5 kilograms (2.2 to 3.3 pounds).〔 They are dumpy birds with long necks and legs and curved bills and a hunched posture. Their heads are small, but their eyes are relatively large, making them look "good-natured". The plumage is soft, resembling fur or velvet on the head and neck. It is mostly black, with purple, green, or bronze iridescence, particularly on the wing coverts and the lower neck. In the best-known taxa the secondary and tertial flight feathers are white, grey, or greenish to black, and hairlike, falling over the lower back, which is the same colour. These colours give the three generally accepted species their names.〔 ==Taxonomy and systematics== Traditionally only three species of trumpeters have been recognised.〔Remsen, J. V., Jr., C. D. Cadena, A. Jaramillo, M. Nores, J. F. Pacheco, J. Pérez-Emán, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, D. F. Stotz, and K. J. Zimmer. 8 November 2011. (A classification of the bird species of South America. ) South American Classification Committee〕 In 2008 a review of the morphology of the dark-winged trumpeter resulted in the recommendation of splitting it into three species.〔Oppenheimer and Silveira. 2009. A taxonomic review of the Dark-winged Trumpeter Psophia viridis (Aves: Gruiformes: Psophiidae). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia 49(41): 547‑55〕 In 2010 a review of the phylogeny and biogeography of all members of the family resulted in a total of 8 species, including two in the grey-winged trumpeter complex, two in the pale-winged trumpeter complex, and four in the dark-winged trumpeter complex.〔Ribas, Aleixo, Nogueira, Miyaki and Cracraft. 2012. A palaeobiogeographic model for biotic diversification within Amazonia over the past three million years. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279: 681-689〕 * Grey-winged trumpeter, ''Psophia crepitans'' * * Grey-winged trumpeter, ''Psophia (crepitans) crepitans'' * * Napo trumpeter, ''Psophia (crepitans) napensis'' * Pale-winged (or white-winged) trumpeter, ''Psophia leucoptera'' * * White-winged trumpeter, ''Psophia (leucoptera) leucoptera'' * * Ochre-winged trumpeter, ''Psophia (leucoptera) ochroptera'' * Dark-winged trumpeter, ''Psophia viridis'' * * Green-winged trumpeter, ''Psophia (viridis) viridis'' * * Brown-winged trumpeter, ''Psophia (viridis) dextralis'' * * Dark-winged trumpeter, ''Psophia (viridis) obscura'' * * ''Psophia (viridis) interjecta'' – should possibly be merged with ''dextralis''.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Trumpeter (bird)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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